文藻外語大學W-Portfolio

研究資料首頁-> 期刊論文

研究資料明細

論文名稱 Undergraduates’ Out-Of-Class Learning: Exploring EFL Students’ Autonomous Learning Behaviors and Their Usage of Resources
發表日期 2019-06-26
論文收錄分類 其他
所有作者 Hui-Chun Hsieh, Hui-Lin Hsieh
作者順序 第二作者
通訊作者
刊物名稱 Education Sciences
發表卷數  
是否具有審稿制度
發表期數  
期刊或學報出版地國別/地區 NATCHE-瑞士聯邦
發表年份 2019
發表月份 6
發表形式 電子期刊
所屬計劃案
可公開文檔  
可公開文檔  
可公開文檔   


[英文摘要] :
Educational research is increasingly paying attention to students’ out-of-class learning.
Students’ out-of-class learning is linked to improved class performance and constitutes an important
part of learner development. Prior research has argued that learning-resources provision should
encourage students’ autonomous learning both in and out of the classroom [Benson, 2013; Benson &
Reinders, 2011; Gardner&Miller, 1999; Little, 1997; Richards, 2015]. However, work on autonomy often
proceeds via generalities rather than focusing on its enactment in individual behavior. Accordingly,
this study investigated 35 EFL undergraduates’ autonomous learning behaviors and their use of
resources of the learning center of a university. Data were collected via email interviews with the
participants and examination of their resources-usage records. Content analysis of the interview data,
using six categories based on a learner-autonomy model, was used to generate each participant’s
autonomy score. Spearman rho testing of the relationship between those scores and the students’
resources-usage scores suggested a very strong positive relationship between autonomous learning
behaviors and overall usage of resources, as well as the variety of those resources used by individuals.
Data analysis also revealed that, to varying degrees, each participant’s autonomous-learning behaviors
(based on qualitative examples) fell into more than one of the six learner-autonomy types. Based on
these findings, it is recommended that students be encouraged to learn beyond the classroom through
pedagogical activities that link classroom learning to learning-center resources. Based on the findings
of this study we make suggestions on pedagogical design with SAC and applications for SACs in
other educational contexts.
Keywords: autonomous learning; learning resources; out-of-class learning; learning beyond classroom

[參考文獻] :
1. Benson, P. Language learning and teaching beyond the classroom: An introduction to the field. In Beyond the
Language Classroom; Benson, P., Reinders, H., Eds.; Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke, UK, 2011; pp. 7–16.
2. Benson, P.; Reinders, H. (Eds.) Beyond the Language Classroom; Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke, UK, 2011;
pp. 7–16.
3. Murray, G. Autonomy in the time of complexity: Lessons from beyond the classroom. Stud. Self-Access
Learn. J. 2017, 8, 116–134.
4. Nunan, D.; Richards, J.C. Language Learning beyond the Classroom; Routledge: London, UK, 2015.
5. Reinders, H.; Benson, P. Research agenda: Language learning beyond the classroom. Lang. Teach. 2017, 50,
561–578. [CrossRef]
6. Richards, J.C. The changing face of language learning: Learning beyond the classroom. RELC J. 2015, 46,
5–22. [CrossRef]
7. Benson, P. Teaching Researching Autonomy in Language Learning, 2nd ed.; Pearson: London, UK, 2011.
8. Dickinson, L. Self-Instruction in Language Learning; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1987.
9. Holec, H. Autonomy and Foreign Language Learning; Council of Europe: Strasbourg, France, 1980.
10. Little, D. Learner Autonomy 1: Definitions, Issues and Problems; Authentik Language Learning Resources Ltd.:
Dublin, Ireland, 1991.
11. Sinclair, B. Learner autonomy: The cross cultural question. ITEFL Newsl. 1997, 139, 12–13.
12. Benson, P. Learner autonomy. TESOL Q. 2013, 47, 839–843. [CrossRef]
13. Benson, P. Language learning beyond the classroom: Access all areas. Stud. Self-Access Learn. J. 2017, 88,
135–146.
14. Cotterall, S. The pedagogy of learner autonomy: Lessons from the classroom. Stud. Self-Access Learn. J. 2017,
88, 102–115.
15. Gardner, D.; Miller, L. Establishing Self-Access: From Theory to Practice; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge,
UK, 1999.
16. Mynard, J.; Stevenson, R. Promoting learner autonomy and self-directed learning: The evolution of a SALC
curriculum. Stud. Self-Access Learn. J. 2017, 8, 169–182.
17. Reinders, H. Supporting independent learning through an Electronic Learning Environment. In Supporting
Independent Language Learning: Issues and Interventions; Lamb, T., Reinders, H., Eds.; Peter Lang: Frankfurt
am Main, Germany, 2006; pp. 219–238.
18. Benson, P. Autonomy in language teaching and learning: State of the art. Lang. Teach. 2007, 4040, 21–40.
[CrossRef]
19. Gremmo, M.-J.; Riley, P. Autonomy, self-direction and self-access in language teaching and learning:
The history of an idea. System 1995, 23, 151–164. [CrossRef]
20. Crabbe, D. Fostering autonomy from within the classroom: The teacher’s responsibility. System 1993, 21,
443–452. [CrossRef]
21. Dickinson, L. Autonomy and motivation: A literature review. System 1995, 23, 165–174. [CrossRef]
22. Holec, H. Main features of the educational approach adopted. In Learner Autonomy in Modern Languages:
Research and Development; Holec, H., Huttunen, I., Eds.; Council for Cultural Co-operation, Council of Europe:
Strasbourg, France, 1997; pp. 23–32.
23. Sheerin, S. An exploration of the relationship between self-access and independent learning. In Autonomy
and Independence in Language Learning; Benson, P., Voller, P., Eds.; Addison Wesley Longman: New York, NY,
USA, 1997; pp. 54–65.
Educ. Sci. 2019, 9, 159 15 of 15
24. Sinclair, B.; McGrath, I.; Lamb, T. (Eds.) Learner Autonomy, Teacher Autonomy: Future Directions; Longman:
Essex, UK, 2000.
25. Benson, P.; Voller, P. Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning; Longman: London, UK, 1997.
26. Crabbe, D. The quality of language learning opportunities. TESOL Q. 2003, 37, 9–34. [CrossRef]
27. Jones, J.F. Self-access and culture: Retreating from autonomy. ELT J. 1995, 49, 228–234. [CrossRef]
28. Littlewood,W. Defining and developing autonomy in East Asian contexts. Appl. Linguist. 1999, 20, 71–94.
[CrossRef]
29. Little, D. Language learner autonomy: Some fundamental considerations revisited. Innov. Lang. Learn. Teach.
2007, 1, 14–29. [CrossRef]
30. Nunan, D. Designing and adapting materials to encourage learner autonomy. In Autonomy and Independence
in Language Learning; Benson, P., Voller, P., Eds.; Addison Wesley Longman: New York, NY, USA, 1997;
pp. 192–203.
31. Gardner, D. The evolution and devolution of management and training needs for self-access centre sta .
Stud. Self-Access Learn. J. 2017, 8, 147–156.
32. Nunan, D. The Learner-Centred Curriculum: A Study in Second Language Teaching; Cambridge University Press:
New York, NY, USA, 1988.
33. Littlewood,W. “Autonomy”: An anatomy and framework. System 1996, 24, 427–435. [CrossRef]
34. Wenden, A. Learner development in language learning. Appl. Linguist. 2002, 23, 32–55. [CrossRef]
35. Dam, L. Learner Autonomy 3: From Theory to Classroom Practice; Authentik: Dublin, Ireland, 1995.
36. Little, D. Learning as dialogue, the dependence of learner autonomy on teacher autonomy. System 1995, 23,
175–181. [CrossRef]
37. Palfreyman, D.; Smith, R.C. (Eds.) Learner Autonomy across Cultures: Language Education Perspectives; Palgrave
Macmillan: New York, NY, USA, 2003.
38. Vygotsky, L.S. Mind in Society; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1978.
39. Vygotsky, L.S. Thought and Language; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1986.
40. Wertsch, J.V. Vygotsky and the Social Formation of Mind; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1985.
41. Aoki, N.; Smith, R. Learner autonomy in cultural context: The case of Japan. In Learner Autonomy in Language
Learning: Defining the Field and E ecting Change; Cotterall, S., Crabbe, D., Eds.; Peter Lang: Frankfurt am
Main, Germany, 1999; pp. 19–27.
42. Smith, R. Pedagogy for autonomy as (becoming-)appropriate methodology. In Learner Autonomy across
Cultures: Language Education Perspectives; Palfreyman, D., Smith, R., Eds.; Palgrave Macmillan: New York,
NY, USA, 2003; pp. 129–146.
43. Reinders, H.; White, C. 20 years of autonomy and technology: How far have we come and where to next?
Lang. Learn. Technol. 2016, 20, 143–154.
44. Gardner, D.; Miller, L. Managing Self-Access Language Learning; City University Hong Kong Press: Hong Kong,
China, 2014.
45. Little, D. Responding authentically to authentic texts. In Autonomy & Independence in Language Learning;
Benson, P., Voller, P., Eds.; Addison Wesley Longman: New York, NY, USA, 1997; pp. 225–236.
46. Lee, I. Supporting greater autonomy in language learning. ELT J. 1998, 52, 282–290. [CrossRef]
47. Sturtridge, G. Teaching and language learning in self-access centres: Changing roles. In Autonomy &
Independence in Language Learning; Benson, P., Voller, P., Eds.; Longman: London, UK, 1997; pp. 66–78.
48. Sturtridge, G. Self-Access. Preparation and Training; The British Council: London, UK, 1992.